Learning Objectives 2025

• Compare current and emerging approaches to managing complex tricuspid valve disease, including patient selection for TTVR vs. T-TEER, and procedural considerations in patients with prior valve surgery or pacemakers.

• Evaluate evidence-based strategies for atrial fibrillation management, including rhythm control, pulmonary vein isolation, MAZE procedures, and left atrial appendage occlusion options, especially in patients with elevated stroke and bleeding risk scores.

• Assess individualized treatment pathways for patients with hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with a focus on pharmacologic and interventional therapies, such as renal denervation and septal ablation.

• Apply contemporary decision-making frameworks for managing aortic stenosis and regurgitation across diverse patient populations, including asymptomatic individuals, young patients with small aortic roots, and those with elevated gradients post-TAVR.

• Discuss the evolving healthcare landscape in cardiology practice, including implications of bundled payments, health equity, and technological innovations such as AI and EMR integration, along with strategies for managing advanced heart failure and regional cardiogenic shock care.